From the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 to the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the vast territory of Outer Manchuria comprised Manchuria north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri rivers. It is bounded by the Stanovoi mountains to the north and the Gulf of Tartary to the east, the Amur-Ussuri forming the southern and western limits.
Place names
Today there still exist certain reminders of the ancient Manchu domination in toponyms: for example the Shikhota Alin , the great coastal range, the Khanka Lake, Amur and Ussuri Rivers, Yam Alin , Miao-Shan Alin , Il-Kuri Alin , Great and Little Khingam and others small ranges and the Shantar coastal archipelago.
History
Different ancient nations lived in this area. The original inhabitants apparently are the Mohe and other Tungus tribes. Others were the ancient Koreans of the Koguryo, Paekche, Shilla and Parhae kingdoms, extending their territories from the Korean peninsula to Liaoning, Kirin, Heilungkiang in inner Manchuria and
East or Maritime Tartary (Pryamuire ) and Hulun(Khabarovsk). They came to Fu-Sang (Sakhalin) island in Outer Manchuria. Koreans met there Manchu ancestors tribe of the Mohe and Jurchen nations, and maintained certain political relations.
In this land occurred the decisive fight for unification of the first Mongol, Tungus, Khitan and Manchu tribes. Arriving in Mongolia proper they pushed the Mongol warriors of Genghis Khan to launch the conquest of the greatest Empire of world history. Other ancient countries in this area were the Liao and Khitan kingdoms.
Travellers' tales
Some old Japanese sources exist for these territories. The
Japanese explorer Mamiya Rinzo , during his expeditions to Karafuto(Sakhalin), arrived at the Amur river mouth, and the town of Fuyioru(?) (in Chinese Miaojie, now Nikolayevsk-on-Amur).
Another old source says that a samurai reconnaisance group arrived in the same area and encountered an enormous group of Mongol or Tungus armed horsemen, and a fortified town in the Amur coastal area. They retired to report back.
Japanese archeologists and researchers, during the Manchukuo occupation, found ancient chronicles discussing Manchu and Tungus migration to Ezo and North Honshu in Japan. They claimed these peoples as direct ancestors of the Choshu or Izumo Japanese clans. In support, old traditions of these clan stated that their ancestors came from North Korea,Manchuria and the Amur Valley.
The Manchu nation
Later, in this place, others contemporary Manchu ancestors
protagonized other unification figth. According tow Sheng-Wu-Chi
("Our august dynasty military realizations inform") related about
ones Tungus Nations (other Manchu antecesors): in Holungkiang or Manchu Nation (correspond with Heilungkiang province) resided Suksuhu, Hunehe, Wanggiya, Donggo and Jecen tribes, in Shang-Pai-Shan Nation (correspond with liaoning and Kirin province) living Neyen and Yalu tribes, Eastern Sea Nation (correspond with East or Maritime Tartary area( Prymaure area))residing Weji, Warka and Kurka tribes and Hulun Nation (Amur land) with Yehe, Hada, Hoifa and Ula tribes. These peoples fortified cities and lived by hunting and farming in a similar style to the Mongols.
from these peoples and your unification with Manchus proceded
born the Manchu-Tungu nation where raised the tribal Prince Nurhaci
why when defeating at other Hulun tribes and supported with Chinese Han ,he convert in Khan of all Manchus with Hou Chin
(Posterior Qu in) Dinasty,why remember at your Jurchen direct
ancestors.your first conquest figth are occurred in Fu-Shun and Sheng-
Yang where defeated at Imperial Ming armies.at your death, your
son Abahai continuing your conquests in Korea and proper China,he ordered the invasion of Jehol and continuig in Shensi,
Shansi and Kansu.Abahai renamed your Dinasty how Daicing (in chinese
Ta Ching or Ch ing= "Great Ligth")at final Manchu forces occupied Peking.your descendant Fu-lin or Dorgon(in chinese Shun-
Chin) cominzed the affirmation of previous conquest and taken the
control of Chinese political situation.these are direct royal ancestors of Puyi The Last Manchu Emperor.
in posterior times of Manchu Empire preciselly these territoires correspond with ancient manchu provinces of Hulun and East or Maritime Tartary with important cities in Hulun(?)(actual Khabarovsk),Haishenwei(actual Vladivostok) and Fuyioru(?)or Miaoyie(actual Nikolayevsk-on-Amur ).the ancient clan where preceded the Nurhaci the founder of Manchu Empire are original from Hulun Province. East or Maritime Tartary Manchu Province included the Ku-Yue-Dao(Sakhalin) island too.in these island the archeologist in recent times encountered rests of ancient towns and fortifications why support these affirmation.
these lands during posterior Manchu Empire are retain for Treaty of Nerchinsk where stablished the Stanovoi range how limits,for more later loss during Aigun and Peking accords with Russian Empire.
In the Russian Empire
It was ceded by the Manchu Empire to Russia in two stages and from 1860 to 1920 was, as Russian Manchuria, part of the Russian Empire. From 1918 to 1925 Outer Manchuria was occupied by the Japanese and briefly united with Inner Manchuria under Japanese domination. This temporary control included East Transbaikalia (the Ulan Ude-Chita sector). Some sources indicated that Japanese units patrolled to the East Urals and Central Asia. North Sakhalin area was finally returned during 1925.
Twentieth century
From 1925 on, as Soviet Manchuria, it formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945, when Manchuria was again briefly united under Soviet rule. In 1949, Inner Manchuria was returned to communist China.
During the 1930s and World War II, the Japanese Imperial Army, Kwantung Army and other members of the Strike North Group (Japanese supporters of conquest of lands in Siberia) outlined the "Othsu or B" Operation, a plan to invade the Soviet Far East. The plan implied the occupation of Khabarovsk and the Primorsky Krai, the Ohkostk coast, Kamchatka Peninsula, Ulan Ude (East Baikal area), and Outer Mongolia. The concept was of occupation, or a defensive buffer against the USSR.
Operations at Zhanggufeng (Changkufeng Hill ), the Battle of Lake Khasan and fighting in the Nomonhan area, and some smaller Japanese land, sea and air incursions were part of an ambitious large-scale strategy. Ultimately, when the Japanese Army evaluated its outcomes against the Red Army and its Mongol allies, these plans were dropped. The Japanese Navy's strategy to strike south prevailed.
In 1959 tension arose between Chinese Inner Manchuria and Russian Outer Manchuria over the interpretation of the treaties of Aigun and Beijing. This was as much an attempt to undo European colonialism as an ideological split between Mao Tse-tung and Nikita Khrushchev.
